Basics of Thermodynamics

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 Thermodynamic System

It is defined as quantity in space bounded by real or imaginary, fixed or movable boundaries across which energy take place from or to surroundings.

External to the system is called surrounding or environment.

A system with surrounding called a universe.


Type of System

Open System
In this system, energy transfer takes place along with boundaries with mass transfer.

Eg. Water in pool

In pool mass and energy , both transfers can take place.

Closed System

In this system, energy transfer takes place with the outside environment through the boundary without mass transfer.

Isolated System

A system without mass and energy transfer is called an isolated system.



Thermodynamic Equilibrium

It is a state in which the system has a thermal and mechanical equilibrium.

Energy

It is the capacity to do work.

Types of Energy

Potential Energy

It is the energy stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position.

Kinetic Energy

It is the energy of a given mass due to its motion.

Internal Energy

The energy due to molecular motion and its configuration.

Heat Energy

It is the form of energy transferred across boundaries of a system by virtue of temperature gradient.

First Law of thermodynamics

-It is based on the Law of conversion of energy. As per the law of conversion of energy "total energy of an isolated system is constant, Energy neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another.

"Whenever a closed system executes a cyclic process , the algebraic sum of work transfer is proportional to the algebraic sum of heat transfer"




Second Law of thermodynamics

A. Clausius 

It is impossible to construct a device operating on a cycle whose sole effect is the transfer of heat from low temperature to high-temperature body.

B. Kelvin-Planks 

It is impossible to construct a heat engine operating on a cycle whose sole effect is the transfer of heat energy from a single heat reservoir and its conversion into an equal amount of work.




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